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==Classical architecture== | ==Classical architecture== | ||
{{ | {{See also|Classical architecture|Architecture of Ancient Greece|Roman architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:ac.parthenon5.jpg|thumb|The Parthenon in Athens, Greece]]Around 600 B.C. the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns. With the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Greek architecture preceded Hellenistic and Roman periods (Roman architecture heavily copied Greek). Since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The [[Parthenon]] which served as a treasury building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture. | [[Archivo:ac.parthenon5.jpg|thumb|The Parthenon in Athens, Greece]]Around 600 B.C. the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns. With the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Greek architecture preceded Hellenistic and Roman periods (Roman architecture heavily copied Greek). Since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The [[Parthenon]] which served as a treasury building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture. | ||
==Indian architecture== | ==Indian architecture== | ||
{{ | {{See also|Indian rock-cut architecture|Hoysala architecture|Hindu temple architecture}} | ||
[[Indian architecture]] is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography and geology of the Indian subcontinent. India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as [[Siraf]] and [[China]] as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles. The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from [[West Asia|West]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Europe]]. | [[Indian architecture]] is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography and geology of the Indian subcontinent. India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as [[Siraf]] and [[China]] as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles. The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from [[West Asia|West]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Europe]]. | ||
===Buddhism=== | ===Buddhism=== | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|Buddhist architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:Templeofthegoldenpavilion.jpg|*|thumb|[[Kinkaku-ji]], or Temple of the Golden Pavilion]] [[Buddhist architecture]] developed in [[South Asia]] beginning in the third century BC. Two types of structures are associated with early [[Buddhism]]: [[viharas]] and [[stupas]]. | [[Archivo:Templeofthegoldenpavilion.jpg|*|thumb|[[Kinkaku-ji]], or Temple of the Golden Pavilion]] [[Buddhist architecture]] developed in [[South Asia]] beginning in the third century BC. Two types of structures are associated with early [[Buddhism]]: [[viharas]] and [[stupas]]. | ||
Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]). | Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]). | ||
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==Byzantine architecture== | ==Byzantine architecture== | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|byzantine architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|*|[[Hagia Sophia]], the Church of [[Holy Wisdom]]]] [[Archivo:KariyeCamii-Aussenansicht.jpg|thumb|The 6th Century Kariye Camii located in Istanbul is now a mosque.]] | [[Archivo:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|*|[[Hagia Sophia]], the Church of [[Holy Wisdom]]]] [[Archivo:KariyeCamii-Aussenansicht.jpg|thumb|The 6th Century Kariye Camii located in Istanbul is now a mosque.]] | ||
Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul. | Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul. | ||
==Islam== | ==Islam== | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|Islamic architecture}} | ||
Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic round arches, vaults and domes. Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Notable mosque types include the early [[Abbasid]] mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. | Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic round arches, vaults and domes. Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Notable mosque types include the early [[Abbasid]] mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. | ||
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==Medieval architecture== | ==Medieval architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Urnesstavkirke.jpg|*|thumb|Norwegian stave church]] | [[Archivo:Urnesstavkirke.jpg|*|thumb|Norwegian stave church]] | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|medieval architecture}} | ||
The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] plan, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]]s, and the altar stands at the east end (see ''[[Cathedral diagram]]''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the ''center'' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval stave church. | The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] plan, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]]s, and the altar stands at the east end (see ''[[Cathedral diagram]]''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the ''center'' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval stave church. | ||
==Gothic architecture== | ==Gothic architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Chartres 1.jpg|thumb|right|Cathedral of Chartres]] | [[Archivo:Chartres 1.jpg|thumb|right|Cathedral of Chartres]] | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|Gothic architecture}} | ||
[[Gothic architecture]] was particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. Beginning in 12th century France, it was known as "the French Style" during the period. The style originated at the [[Saint Denis Basilica|abbey church of Saint-Denis]] in [[Saint-Denis]], near [[Paris]]. Other notable gothic religious structures include [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Abbey Church of St Denis]], and the [[Chartres Cathedral]]. | [[Gothic architecture]] was particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. Beginning in 12th century France, it was known as "the French Style" during the period. The style originated at the [[Saint Denis Basilica|abbey church of Saint-Denis]] in [[Saint-Denis]], near [[Paris]]. Other notable gothic religious structures include [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Abbey Church of St Denis]], and the [[Chartres Cathedral]]. | ||
==Renaissance architecture== | ==Renaissance architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|thumb|*|The Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome]] | [[Archivo:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|thumb|*|The Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome]] | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|Renaissance architecture}} | ||
The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]'s plan for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] as the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian renaissance. | The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]'s plan for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] as the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian renaissance. | ||
==Baroque architecture== | ==Baroque architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Santa Susanna (Rome) - facade.jpg|thumb|right|Baroque façade of Santa Susanna, by [[Carlo Maderno]]]] | [[Archivo:Santa Susanna (Rome) - facade.jpg|thumb|right|Baroque façade of Santa Susanna, by [[Carlo Maderno]]]] | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|baroque architecture}} | ||
(1603).]]Evolving from the renaissance style, the [[baroque]] style was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Most architectural historians regard [[Michelangelo]]'s design of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] as a precursor to the Baroque style. Baroque style can be recognized by broader inerior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection. The most important early example of the baroque period was the [[Santa Susanna]] by [[Carlo Maderno]]. [[Saint Paul's Cathedral]] in [[London]] by [[Christopher Wren]] is regarded as the prime example of the rather late influence of the Baroque style in England. | (1603).]]Evolving from the renaissance style, the [[baroque]] style was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Most architectural historians regard [[Michelangelo]]'s design of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] as a precursor to the Baroque style. Baroque style can be recognized by broader inerior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection. The most important early example of the baroque period was the [[Santa Susanna]] by [[Carlo Maderno]]. [[Saint Paul's Cathedral]] in [[London]] by [[Christopher Wren]] is regarded as the prime example of the rather late influence of the Baroque style in England. | ||
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==Modern and post-modern architectures== | ==Modern and post-modern architectures== | ||
[[Archivo:IndependenceTemple2.jpg|thumb|*|Community of Christ Temple in Independence, Missouri, USA is postmodern in design.]] | [[Archivo:IndependenceTemple2.jpg|thumb|*|Community of Christ Temple in Independence, Missouri, USA is postmodern in design.]] | ||
{{ | {{Seealso|Modern architecture|Postmodern architecture}} | ||
[[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. | [[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. | ||
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Revisión del 01:42 5 sep 2011
Estructuras que exceden con creces la duración de la vida de un ser humano perduran en Karnak 3400 años luego de su construcción
La arquitectura religiosa se ocupa del diseño y la construcción de los sitios de culto y/o sagrados o espacios de oración, tales como iglesias, mezquitas, stupas, sinagogas, y templos. Muchas culturas han dedicado grandes cantidades de recursos a su arquitectura religiosa, y sus lugares de culto y espacios sagrados se encuentran entre las edificaciones más impresionantes y perdurables que ha creado la humanidad. Por dicha razón, la disciplina occidental de Historia de la Arquitectura sigue en buena medida la historia de la arquitectura religiosa desde las épocas más remotas hasta por lo menos el período Barroco. La geometría sacra, la iconografía y el uso de sofisticadas semióticas tales como signos, símbolos y motivos religiosos son endémicos en la arquitectura religiosa.
Las estructuras religiosas a menudo evolucionan durante períodos de varios siglos y eran las mayores construcciones del mundo, antes de la existencia de los modernos rascacielos. Mientras que los diversos estilos empleados en la arquitectura religiosa a veces reflejan tendencias de otras construcciones, estos estilos también se mantenían diferenciados de la arquitectura contemporanea utilizada etilizada en otras estructuras. Con el ascenso de las religiones monoteistas, los edificios religiosos se fueron convirtiendo en mayor medida en centros de oración y meditación.
Aspectos espirituales de la arquitectura religiosa[editar]
A veces la arquitectura religiosa es llamada espacio sacro. El arquitecto Norman L. Koonce ha sugerido que el objetivo de la arquitectura religiosa es hacer "transparente la frontera entre la materia y la mente, la carne y el espíritu." Comentando sobre la arquitectura religiosa el mimistro protestante Robert Schuller, ha sugerido que "para ser sano sicológicamente, los seres humanos necesitan experimentar su entorno natural—el entorno para el que fueron diseñados, que es el jardín." En tanto, Richard Kieckhefer sugiere que entrar en un edificio religioso es una metáfora de entrar en una relación espiritual. Kieckhefer sugiere que el espacio sacro puede ser analizado mediante tres factores que afectan el proceso espiritual: el espacio longitudinal enfatiza la procesión y regreso de los actos sacramentales, el espacio de auditorio es sugestivo de la proclamación y la respuesta, y las nuevas formas del espacio comunal diseñado para reunirse depende en una gran medida en una escala minimizada para lograr una atmósfera de intimidad y de participación en la oración.
Véase también[editar]
Notas[editar]
Referencias[editar]
- Jeanne Halgren Kilde, When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Church Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America. (Oxford University Press:2002). ISBN
- Michael E. DeSanctis, Building from Belief: Advance, Retreat, and Compromise in the Remaking of Catholic Church Architecture.. (Liturgical Press:2002). ISBN
- Richard Kieckhefer, Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley. (Oxford University Press, USA: 2004). ISBN
- Anne C. Loveland and Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History. (University of Missouri Press:2003). ISBN
- Michael S. Rose, Ugly as Sin: Why They Changed Our Churches from Sacred Places to Meeting Spaces -- and How We Can Change Them Back Again. (Sophia Institute Press: 2001). ISBN
- R. Kevin Seasoltz, A Sense Of The Sacred: Theological Foundations Of Christian Architecture And Art. (Continuum International Publishing Group: 2005) ISBN
Enlaces externos[editar]
- Arquitectura religiosa.org
- Foro multiculto de religión, arte y arquitectura American Institute of Architects
- Ejemplos de diseño de iglesias contemporaneas
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