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===Buddhism=== | ===Buddhism=== | ||
{{Seealso|Buddhist architecture}} | {{Seealso|Buddhist architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:Templeofthegoldenpavilion.jpg | [[Archivo:Templeofthegoldenpavilion.jpg|thumb|[[Kinkaku-ji]], or Temple of the Golden Pavilion]] [[Buddhist architecture]] developed in [[South Asia]] beginning in the third century BC. Two types of structures are associated with early [[Buddhism]]: [[viharas]] and [[stupas]]. | ||
Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]). | Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist [[monasticism]]. An existing example is at [[Nalanda]] ([[Bihar]]). | ||
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===Hinduism=== | ===Hinduism=== | ||
{{Main|Hindu temple architecture}} | {{Main|Hindu temple architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:Raghunath Temple Jammu.JPG | [[Archivo:Raghunath Temple Jammu.JPG|thumb|The Sikhara of the [[Raghunath Temple]] at [[Jammu]], [[India]] is built in the "Nagar" style of temple architecture.]] | ||
[[Archivo:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|right|Dravida Style Brihadeeswara Temple, Tanjavur]] | [[Archivo:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|right|Dravida Style Brihadeeswara Temple, Tanjavur]] | ||
[[Hindu temple architecture]] is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vaastu shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect [[Vishvakarma]]. It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorporate elements of [[astronomy]] and [[sacred geometry]]. In Hindu belief, the [[temple]] represents the [[macrocosm]] of the universe as well as the [[microcosm]] of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu temple architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense decorative embellishments and ornamentation. | [[Hindu temple architecture]] is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vaastu shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect [[Vishvakarma]]. It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorporate elements of [[astronomy]] and [[sacred geometry]]. In Hindu belief, the [[temple]] represents the [[macrocosm]] of the universe as well as the [[microcosm]] of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu temple architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense decorative embellishments and ornamentation. | ||
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==Byzantine architecture== | ==Byzantine architecture== | ||
{{Seealso|byzantine architecture}} | {{Seealso|byzantine architecture}} | ||
[[Archivo:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb | [[Archivo:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|[[Hagia Sophia]], the Church of [[Holy Wisdom]]]] [[Archivo:KariyeCamii-Aussenansicht.jpg|thumb|The 6th Century Kariye Camii located in Istanbul is now a mosque.]] | ||
Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul. | Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the [[Hagia Sophia]] in Istanbul. | ||
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Domes have been a hallmark of [[Islamic architecture]] since the 7th century. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the [[mihrab]] to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in India popularized onion-shaped domes in [[South Asia]] and [[Persia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=256 |id=ISBN |chapter=Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style}}</ref> | Domes have been a hallmark of [[Islamic architecture]] since the 7th century. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the [[mihrab]] to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in India popularized onion-shaped domes in [[South Asia]] and [[Persia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=256 |id=ISBN |chapter=Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style}}</ref> | ||
[[Archivo:Prayer-hall-turkey.jpg | [[Archivo:Prayer-hall-turkey.jpg|thumb|The prayer hall, or musalla, in a [[Turkey|Turkish]] mosque, with a [[minbar]]]] | ||
The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall.<ref name="unitulsa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html |accessdate=2006-04-09 |publisher=The University of Tulsa |title=Mosque FAQ}}</ref> Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with [[Arabic calligraphy]] and verses from the [[Qur'an]] on the walls. | The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall.<ref name="unitulsa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.utulsa.edu/iss/Mosque/MosqueFAQ.html |accessdate=2006-04-09 |publisher=The University of Tulsa |title=Mosque FAQ}}</ref> Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with [[Arabic calligraphy]] and verses from the [[Qur'an]] on the walls. | ||
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==Medieval architecture== | ==Medieval architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Urnesstavkirke.jpg | [[Archivo:Urnesstavkirke.jpg|thumb|Norwegian stave church]] | ||
{{Seealso|medieval architecture}} | {{Seealso|medieval architecture}} | ||
The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] plan, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]]s, and the altar stands at the east end (see ''[[Cathedral diagram]]''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the ''center'' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval stave church. | The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the [[Latin cross]] plan, which takes the Roman [[Basilica]] as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]]s, and the altar stands at the east end (see ''[[Cathedral diagram]]''). Also, [[cathedral]]s influenced or commissioned by [[Justinian I|Justinian]] employed the [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] of domes and a [[Greek cross]] (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the ''center'' of the church. The [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl]] is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The [[Urnes stave church]] (Urnes stavkyrkje) in [[Norway]] is a superb example of a medieval stave church. | ||
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==Renaissance architecture== | ==Renaissance architecture== | ||
[[Archivo:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|thumb | [[Archivo:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|thumb|The Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome]] | ||
{{Seealso|Renaissance architecture}} | {{Seealso|Renaissance architecture}} | ||
The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]'s plan for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] as the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian renaissance. | The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]'s plan for the [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] as the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian renaissance. | ||
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==Latter-day Saint temples== | ==Latter-day Saint temples== | ||
[[Archivo:Temple Square October 05 (8) c.JPG|thumb | [[Archivo:Temple Square October 05 (8) c.JPG|thumb|[[Salt Lake Temple]]]] | ||
{{Main|Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)}} | {{Main|Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)}} | ||
[[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|Temples]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the [[Kirtland Temple]] built in their 1830s, to the [[castellated]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] styles of the early [[Utah]] temples, to the dozens of mass produced modern temples built today. The church has a total of 124 [[List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|operating temples]] world wide, each with the same purpose. With the exception of the Kirtland Temple (no longer owned by the church), each has a Celestial room, one or more [[ordinance room]]s, and a baptistry with a font patterned after the description found in 1 Kings 7:23-25: | [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|Temples]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the [[Kirtland Temple]] built in their 1830s, to the [[castellated]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] styles of the early [[Utah]] temples, to the dozens of mass produced modern temples built today. The church has a total of 124 [[List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|operating temples]] world wide, each with the same purpose. With the exception of the Kirtland Temple (no longer owned by the church), each has a Celestial room, one or more [[ordinance room]]s, and a baptistry with a font patterned after the description found in 1 Kings 7:23-25: | ||
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==Modern and post-modern architectures== | ==Modern and post-modern architectures== | ||
[[Archivo:IndependenceTemple2.jpg|thumb | [[Archivo:IndependenceTemple2.jpg|thumb|Community of Christ Temple in Independence, Missouri, USA is postmodern in design.]] | ||
{{Seealso|Modern architecture|Postmodern architecture}} | {{Seealso|Modern architecture|Postmodern architecture}} | ||
[[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. | [[Modern architecture]] spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, [[Unity Temple]] in Chicago is a [[Unitarian Universalist]] congregation designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. The Chapel of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by [[Walter Netsch]] and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect [[Pietro Belluschi]] designed the strikingly modern [[Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption]] (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to [[Vatican II]]. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. [[Independence Temple|The Temple]] at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect [[Gyo Obata]] after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by [[Jose Rafael Moneo]] in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. | ||
Revisión del 11:10 9 ago 2012
Estructuras que exceden con creces la duración de la vida de un ser humano perduran en Karnak 3400 años luego de su construcción
La arquitectura religiosa se ocupa del diseño y la construcción de los sitios de culto y/o sagrados o espacios de oración, tales como iglesias, mezquitas, stupas, sinagogas, y templos. Muchas culturas han dedicado grandes cantidades de recursos a su arquitectura religiosa, y sus lugares de culto y espacios sagrados se encuentran entre las edificaciones más impresionantes y perdurables que ha creado la humanidad. Por dicha razón, la disciplina occidental de Historia de la Arquitectura sigue en buena medida la historia de la arquitectura religiosa desde las épocas más remotas hasta por lo menos el período Barroco. La geometría sacra, la iconografía y el uso de sofisticadas semióticas tales como signos, símbolos y motivos religiosos son endémicos en la arquitectura religiosa.
Las estructuras religiosas a menudo evolucionan durante períodos de varios siglos y eran las mayores construcciones del mundo, antes de la existencia de los modernos rascacielos. Mientras que los diversos estilos empleados en la arquitectura religiosa a veces reflejan tendencias de otras construcciones, estos estilos también se mantenían diferenciados de la arquitectura contemporanea utilizada etilizada en otras estructuras. Con el ascenso de las religiones monoteistas, los edificios religiosos se fueron convirtiendo en mayor medida en centros de oración y meditación.
Aspectos espirituales de la arquitectura religiosa[editar]
A veces la arquitectura religiosa es llamada espacio sacro. El arquitecto Norman L. Koonce ha sugerido que el objetivo de la arquitectura religiosa es hacer "transparente la frontera entre la materia y la mente, la carne y el espíritu." Comentando sobre la arquitectura religiosa el mimistro protestante Robert Schuller, ha sugerido que "para ser sano sicológicamente, los seres humanos necesitan experimentar su entorno natural—el entorno para el que fueron diseñados, que es el jardín." En tanto, Richard Kieckhefer sugiere que entrar en un edificio religioso es una metáfora de entrar en una relación espiritual. Kieckhefer sugiere que el espacio sacro puede ser analizado mediante tres factores que afectan el proceso espiritual: el espacio longitudinal enfatiza la procesión y regreso de los actos sacramentales, el espacio de auditorio es sugestivo de la proclamación y la respuesta, y las nuevas formas del espacio comunal diseñado para reunirse depende en una gran medida en una escala minimizada para lograr una atmósfera de intimidad y de participación en la oración.
Véase también[editar]
Notas[editar]
Referencias[editar]
- Jeanne Halgren Kilde, When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Church Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America. (Oxford University Press:2002). ISBN
- Michael E. DeSanctis, Building from Belief: Advance, Retreat, and Compromise in the Remaking of Catholic Church Architecture.. (Liturgical Press:2002). ISBN
- Richard Kieckhefer, Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley. (Oxford University Press, USA: 2004). ISBN
- Anne C. Loveland and Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History. (University of Missouri Press:2003). ISBN
- Michael S. Rose, Ugly as Sin: Why They Changed Our Churches from Sacred Places to Meeting Spaces -- and How We Can Change Them Back Again. (Sophia Institute Press: 2001). ISBN
- R. Kevin Seasoltz, A Sense Of The Sacred: Theological Foundations Of Christian Architecture And Art. (Continuum International Publishing Group: 2005) ISBN
Enlaces externos[editar]
- Arquitectura religiosa.org
- Foro multiculto de religión, arte y arquitectura American Institute of Architects
- Ejemplos de diseño de iglesias contemporaneas
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